{"id":15117,"date":"2020-03-06T21:53:14","date_gmt":"2020-03-06T20:53:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/?p=15117"},"modified":"2020-03-06T21:53:14","modified_gmt":"2020-03-06T20:53:14","slug":"r-coding-style-best-practices","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/r-coding-style-best-practices\/","title":{"rendered":"R Coding Style Best Practices"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"rdoc\">\n<p>This article describes the essentials of <strong>R coding style<\/strong> best practices. It\u2019s based on the <a href=\"https:\/\/style.tidyverse.org\/\">tidyverse style guide<\/a>. Google\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/google.github.io\/styleguide\/Rguide.html\">current guide<\/a> is also derived from the tidyverse style guide.<\/p>\n<p>Two importants R packages are available to help you in applying the R coding style best practices:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/styler.r-lib.org\">styler<\/a> allows you to interactively restyle selected text, files, or entire projects<\/strong>. It includes an RStudio add-in, the easiest way to re-style existing code.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/dn-tutorials\/r-tutorial\/images\/r-coding-style-automatic-styler-package.gif\" alt=\"styler package\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The goal of <code>styler<\/code> is to provide non-invasive pretty-printing of R source code while adhering to the tidyverse formatting rules. It can be installed using the following R code: <code>install.packages(\"styler\")<\/code>. Key functions are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>style_file()<\/code>: styles .R, .Rmd .Rnw and .Rprofile, files.<\/li>\n<li><code>style_dir()<\/code>: styles all .R and\/or .Rmd files in a directory.<\/li>\n<li><code>style_pkg()<\/code>: styles the source files of an R package.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The <code>styler<\/code> functionality is made available through other tools, most notably: <code>usethis::use_tidy_style()<\/code> styles your project according to the tidyverse style guide.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/jimhester\/lintr\">lintr<\/a> performs automated checks to confirm that you conform to the style guide<\/strong>. It can be installed using the following R code: <code>install.packages(\"lintr\")<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/dn-tutorials\/r-tutorial\/images\/r-coding-style-lintr-package.gif\" alt=\"lintr package\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The <code>lintr<\/code> lints are automatically displayed in the RStudio Markers pane (Rstudio versions &gt; v0.99.206). In order to show the \u201cMarkers\u201d pane in RStudio: Menu \u201cTools\u201d -&gt; \u201cGlobal Options\u2026\u201d, a window with title \u201cOptions\u201d will pop up. In that window: Click \u201cCode\u201d on the left; Click \u201cDiagnostics\u201d tab; check \u201cShow diagnostics for R\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>To lint a source file <code>test.R<\/code> type in the Console <code>lintr::lint(\"test.R\")<\/code> and look at the result in the \u201cMarkers\u201d pane.<\/p>\n<p>This package also includes two addins for linting the current source and package. To bind the addin to a keyboard shortcut navigate to Tools &gt; addins &gt; Browse Addins &gt; Keyboard Shortcuts. It\u2019s recommended to use Alt+Shift+L for linting the current source code and Ctrl+Shift+Alt+L to code the package. These are easy to remember as you are Alt+Shift+L(int) \ud83d\ude09<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/dn-tutorials\/r-tutorial\/images\/r-coding-style-lintr-lints.png\" alt=\"Rstudio lintr lints\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In this tutorial, you will learn best practices for:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>File naming and content structures<\/li>\n<li>Variables and object naming conventions<\/li>\n<li>R syntax and pipes best practices<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Contents:<\/p>\n<div id=\"TOC\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#files\">Files<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#file-naming-conventions\">File naming conventions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#file-content-structure\">File content structure<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#syntax\">Syntax<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#object-naming-convention\">Object naming convention<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#spacing\">Spacing<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#argument-names\">Argument names<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#indenting\">Code blocks<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#long-lines\">Long lines<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#assignment\">Assignment<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#semicolons\">Semicolons<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#quotes\">Quotes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#comments\">Comments<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#functions\">Functions<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#function-naming-convention\">Function naming convention<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#long-line-function-definition\">Long line function definition<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#return-function\"><code>return()<\/code> function<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#pipes\">Pipes<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#introduction\">Introduction<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#whitespace\">Whitespace<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#long-lines-1\">Long lines<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#short-pipes\">Short pipes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#references\">References<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"files\" class=\"section level2\">\n<h2>Files<\/h2>\n<div id=\"file-naming-conventions\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>File naming conventions<\/h3>\n<p>File names should be meaningful and end in <code>.R<\/code>. Avoid using special characters in file names - stick with numbers, letters, <code>-<\/code>, and <code>_<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"bash\"><code># Good\r\nfit_models.R\r\nutility_functions.R\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\nfit models.R\r\nfoo.r\r\nstuff.r<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>If files should be run in a particular order, prefix them with numbers. If it seems likely you\u2019ll have more than 10 files, left pad with zero:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"bash\"><code>00_download.R\r\n01_explore.R\r\n...\r\n09_model.R\r\n10_visualize.R<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>If you later realise that you\u2019ve missed some steps, it\u2019s tempting to use <code>02a<\/code>, <code>02b<\/code>, etc. However, it\u2019s generally better to bite the bullet and rename all files.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"file-content-structure\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>File content structure<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Load all required packages at the very beginning of the file<\/li>\n<li>Use commented lines of <code>-<\/code> and <code>=<\/code> to break up your file into easily readable chunks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Load data ---------------------------\r\n\r\n# Plot data ---------------------------<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"syntax\" class=\"section level2\">\n<h2>Syntax<\/h2>\n<div id=\"object-naming-convention\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>Object naming convention<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Use only lowercase letters and numbers.<\/li>\n<li>Use underscores (<code>_<\/code>) (so called snake case) to separate words within a name.<\/li>\n<li>Use names that are concise and meaningful (this is not easy!).<\/li>\n<li>Generally, variable names should be nouns and function names should be verbs.<\/li>\n<li>Where possible, avoid re-using names of common functions and variables. This will cause confusion for the readers of your code.<\/li>\n<li>If you find yourself attempting to cram data into variable names (e.g. <code>model_2018<\/code>, <code>model_2019<\/code>, <code>model_2020<\/code>), consider using a list or data frame instead.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Examples of variable names ------------\r\n# Good\r\nday_one\r\nday_1\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\nDayOne\r\ndayone<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"spacing\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>Spacing<\/h3>\n<div id=\"commas\" class=\"section level4\">\n<h4>Commas<\/h4>\n<p>Always put a space after a comma, never before, just like in regular English.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\nx[, 1]\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\nx[,1]\r\nx[ ,1]\r\nx[ , 1]<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"parentheses\" class=\"section level4\">\n<h4>Parentheses<\/h4>\n<p>Do not put spaces inside or outside parentheses for regular function calls.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\nmean(x, na.rm = TRUE)\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\nmean (x, na.rm = TRUE)\r\nmean( x, na.rm = TRUE )<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Place a space before and after <code>()<\/code> when used with <code>if<\/code>, <code>for<\/code>, or <code>while<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\nif (debug) {\r\n  show(x)\r\n}\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\nif(debug){\r\n  show(x)\r\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Place a space after <code>()<\/code> used for function arguments:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\nfunction(x) {}\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\nfunction (x) {}\r\nfunction(x){}<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"infix-operators\" class=\"section level4\">\n<h4>Infix operators<\/h4>\n<p>Most infix operators (<code>==<\/code>, <code>+<\/code>, <code>-<\/code>, <code>&lt;-<\/code>, etc.) should always be surrounded by spaces:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\nheight &lt;- (feet * 12) + inches\r\nmean(x, na.rm = 10)\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\nheight&lt;-feet*12+inches\r\nmean(x, na.rm=10)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>There are a few exceptions, to this rule: <code>::<\/code>, <code>:::<\/code>, <code>$<\/code>, <code>@<\/code>, <code>[<\/code>, <code>[[<\/code>, <code>^<\/code>, unary <code>-<\/code>, unary <code>+<\/code>, and <code>:<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\nsqrt(x^2 + y^2)\r\ndf$z\r\nx &lt;- 1:10\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\nsqrt(x ^ 2 + y ^ 2)\r\ndf $ z\r\nx &lt;- 1 : 10<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"extra-spaces\" class=\"section level4\">\n<h4>Extra spaces<\/h4>\n<p>Adding extra spaces ok if it improves alignment of <code>=<\/code> or <code>&lt;-<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\nlist(\r\n  total = a + b + c,\r\n  mean  = (a + b + c) \/ n\r\n)\r\n\r\n# Also fine\r\nlist(\r\n  total = a + b + c,\r\n  mean = (a + b + c) \/ n\r\n)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Do not add extra spaces to places where space is not usually allowed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"argument-names\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>Argument names<\/h3>\n<p>A function\u2019s arguments typically fall into two broad categories: one supplies the <strong>data<\/strong> to compute on; the other controls the <strong>details<\/strong> of computation. When you call a function, you typically omit the names of data arguments, because they are used so commonly. If you override the default value of an argument, use the full name:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\nmean(1:10, na.rm = TRUE)\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\nmean(x = 1:10, , FALSE)\r\nmean(, TRUE, x = c(1:10, NA))<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Avoid partial matching.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"indenting\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>Code blocks<\/h3>\n<p>Curly braces, <code>{}<\/code>, define the most important hierarchy of R code. To make this hierarchy easy to see:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><code>{<\/code> should be the last character on the line. Related code (e.g., an <code>if<\/code> clause, a function declaration, a trailing comma, \u2026) must be on the same line as the opening brace.<\/li>\n<li>The contents should be indented by two spaces.<\/li>\n<li><code>}<\/code> should be the first character on the line.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\nif (y &lt; 0 &amp;&amp; debug) {\r\n  message(\"y is negative\")\r\n}\r\n\r\nif (y == 0) {\r\n  if (x &gt; 0) {\r\n    log(x)\r\n  } else {\r\n    message(\"x is negative or zero\")\r\n  }\r\n} else {\r\n  y^x\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\nif (y &lt; 0 &amp;&amp; debug) {\r\nmessage(\"Y is negative\")\r\n}\r\n\r\nif (y == 0)\r\n{\r\n    if (x &gt; 0) {\r\n      log(x)\r\n    } else {\r\n  message(\"x is negative or zero\")\r\n    }\r\n} else { y ^ x }<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"long-lines\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>Long lines<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Strive to limit your code to 80 characters per line.<\/li>\n<li>If a function call is too long to fit on a single line, use one line each for the function name, each argument, and the closing <code>)<\/code>. This makes the code easier to read and to change later.<\/li>\n<li>You can place several arguments on the same line if they are closely related to each other<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\ndo_something_very_complicated(\r\n  something = \"that\",\r\n  requires = many,\r\n  arguments = \"some of which may be long\"\r\n)\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\ndo_something_very_complicated(\"that\", requires, many, arguments,\r\n                              \"some of which may be long\"\r\n                              )<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"assignment\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>Assignment<\/h3>\n<p>Use <code>&lt;-<\/code>, not <code>=<\/code>, for assignment.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\nx &lt;- 5\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\nx = 5<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"semicolons\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>Semicolons<\/h3>\n<p>Don\u2019t put <code>;<\/code> at the end of a line, and don\u2019t use <code>;<\/code> to put multiple commands on one line.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"quotes\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>Quotes<\/h3>\n<p>Use <code>\"<\/code>, not <code>'<\/code>, for quoting text. The only exception is when the text already contains double quotes and no single quotes.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\n\"Text\"\r\n'Text with \"quotes\"'\r\n'&lt;a href=\"http:\/\/style.tidyverse.org\"&gt;A link&lt;\/a&gt;'\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\n'Text'\r\n'Text with \"double\" and \\'single\\' quotes'<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"comments\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>Comments<\/h3>\n<p>If you need comments to explain what your code is doing, consider rewriting your code to be clearer. If you discover that you have more comments than code, consider switching to R Markdown.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"functions\" class=\"section level2\">\n<h2>Functions<\/h2>\n<div id=\"function-naming-convention\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>Function naming convention<\/h3>\n<p>Use verbs for function names:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\nadd_row()\r\npermute()\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\nrow_adder()\r\npermutation()<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"long-line-function-definition\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>Long line function definition<\/h3>\n<p>If a function definition runs over multiple lines, indent the second line to where the definition starts.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\nlong_function_name &lt;- function(a = \"a long argument\",\r\n                               b = \"another argument\",\r\n                               c = \"another long argument\") {\r\n  # As usual code is indented by two spaces.\r\n}\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\nlong_function_name &lt;- function(a = \"a long argument\",\r\n  b = \"another argument\",\r\n  c = \"another long argument\") {\r\n  # Here it's hard to spot where the definition ends and the\r\n  # code begins\r\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"return-function\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3><code>return()<\/code> function<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Only use <code>return()<\/code> for early returns. Otherwise, rely on R to return the result of the last evaluated expression.<\/li>\n<li>Return statements should always be on their own line.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\nfind_abs &lt;- function(x) {\r\n  if (x &gt; 0) {\r\n    return(x)\r\n  }\r\n  x * -1\r\n}\r\nadd_two &lt;- function(x, y) {\r\n  x + y\r\n}\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\nadd_two &lt;- function(x, y) {\r\n  return(x + y)\r\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>If your function is called primarily for its side-effects (like printing, plotting, or saving to disk), it should return the first argument invisibly. This makes it possible to use the function as part of a pipe. <code>print<\/code> methods should usually do this, like this example from <a href=\"http:\/\/httr.r-lib.org\/\">httr<\/a>:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code>print.url &lt;- function(x, ...) {\r\n  cat(\"Url: \", build_url(x), \"\\n\", sep = \"\")\r\n  invisible(x)\r\n}<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"pipes\" class=\"section level2\">\n<h2>Pipes<\/h2>\n<div id=\"introduction\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>Introduction<\/h3>\n<p>Use <code>%&gt;%<\/code> to emphasise a sequence of actions.<\/p>\n<p>Avoid using the pipe when:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>You need to manipulate more than one object at a time. Reserve pipes for a sequence of steps applied to one primary object.<\/li>\n<li>There are meaningful intermediate objects that could be given informative names.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"whitespace\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>Whitespace<\/h3>\n<p><code>%&gt;%<\/code> should always have a space before it, and should usually be followed by a new line. After the first step, each line should be indented by two spaces.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\niris %&gt;%\r\n  group_by(Species) %&gt;%\r\n  summarize_if(is.numeric, mean) %&gt;%\r\n  ungroup() %&gt;%\r\n  gather(measure, value, -Species) %&gt;%\r\n  arrange(value)\r\n\r\n# Bad\r\niris %&gt;% group_by(Species) %&gt;% summarize_all(mean) %&gt;%\r\nungroup %&gt;% gather(measure, value, -Species) %&gt;%\r\narrange(value)<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"long-lines-1\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>Long lines<\/h3>\n<p>If the arguments to a function don\u2019t all fit on one line, put each argument on its own line and indent:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code>iris %&gt;%\r\n  group_by(Species) %&gt;%\r\n  summarise(\r\n    Sepal.Length = mean(Sepal.Length),\r\n    Sepal.Width = mean(Sepal.Width),\r\n    Species = n_distinct(Species)\r\n  )<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"short-pipes\" class=\"section level3\">\n<h3>Short pipes<\/h3>\n<p>A one-step pipe can stay on one line, but unless you plan to expand it later on, you should consider rewriting it to a regular function call.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Good\r\niris %&gt;% arrange(Species)\r\n\r\niris %&gt;% \r\n  arrange(Species)\r\n\r\narrange(iris, Species)<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"references\" class=\"section level2\">\n<h2>References<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/style.tidyverse.org\/\">The tidyverse style guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/styler.r-lib.org\/\">Automatic R code formatting using styler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/jimhester\/lintr\">Static code analysis for R using lintr<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--end rdoc--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This article describes the essentials of R coding style best practices. It\u2019s based on the tidyverse style guide. Google\u2019s current guide is also derived from the tidyverse style guide. Two [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8927,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rating_form_position":"","rating_results_position":"","mr_structured_data_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[138],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15117","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-r-programming"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>R Coding Style Best Practices - Datanovia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/r-coding-style-best-practices\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"R Coding Style Best Practices - Datanovia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This article describes the essentials of R coding style best practices. It\u2019s based on the tidyverse style guide. Google\u2019s current guide is also derived from the tidyverse style guide. 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