{"id":8333,"date":"2019-01-01T11:58:28","date_gmt":"2019-01-01T09:58:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/?p=8333"},"modified":"2019-12-25T11:11:00","modified_gmt":"2019-12-25T09:11:00","slug":"how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/","title":{"rendered":"How to Create a GGPlot Stacked Bar Chart"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"rdoc\">\n<p>This tutorial describes how to create a <strong>ggplot stacked bar chart<\/strong>. You will also learn how to add labels to a stacked bar plot.<\/p>\n<div class='dt-sc-hr-invisible-medium  '><\/div>\n<div class='dt-sc-ico-content type1'><div class='custom-icon' ><a href='https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/product\/ggplot2-essentials-for-great-data-visualization-in-r\/' target='_blank'><span class='fa fa-book'><\/span><\/a><\/div><h4><a href='https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/product\/ggplot2-essentials-for-great-data-visualization-in-r\/' target='_blank'> Related Book <\/a><\/h4>GGPlot2 Essentials for Great Data Visualization in R<\/div>\n<div class='dt-sc-hr-invisible-medium  '><\/div>\n<div id=\"prerequisites\" class=\"section level2\">\n<h2>Prerequisites<\/h2>\n<p>Load required packages and set the theme function <code>theme_minimal()<\/code> as the default theme:<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code>library(dplyr)   # For data manipulation\r\nlibrary(ggplot2) # For data visualization\r\ntheme_set(theme_minimal())<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"data-preparation\" class=\"section level2\">\n<h2>Data preparation<\/h2>\n<p>Data derived from <code>ToothGrowth<\/code> data sets are used. ToothGrowth describes the effect of Vitamin C on tooth growth in Guinea pigs. Three dose levels of Vitamin C (0.5, 1, and 2 mg) with each of two delivery methods [orange juice (OJ) or ascorbic acid (VC)] are used :<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code>df &lt;- data.frame(\r\n  supp = rep(c(\"VC\", \"OJ\"), each = 3),\r\n  dose = rep(c(\"D0.5\", \"D1\", \"D2\"), 2),\r\n  len = c(6.8, 15, 33, 4.2, 10, 29.5)\r\n  )\r\n\r\nhead(df)<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code>##   supp dose  len\r\n## 1   VC D0.5  6.8\r\n## 2   VC   D1 15.0\r\n## 3   VC   D2 33.0\r\n## 4   OJ D0.5  4.2\r\n## 5   OJ   D1 10.0\r\n## 6   OJ   D2 29.5<\/code><\/pre>\n<ul>\n<li>len : Tooth length<\/li>\n<li>dose : Dose in milligrams (0.5, 1, 2)<\/li>\n<li>supp : Supplement type (VC or OJ)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"basic-plots\" class=\"section level2\">\n<h2>Basic plots<\/h2>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code>p &lt;- ggplot(df, aes(x = dose, y = len))+\r\n  geom_col(aes(fill = supp), width = 0.7)\r\np<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/dn-tutorials\/ggplot2\/figures\/108-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-geom_col-basic-1.png\" width=\"480\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"add-labels\" class=\"section level2\">\n<h2>Add labels<\/h2>\n<p>4 steps required to compute the position of text labels:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Group the data by the dose variable<\/li>\n<li>Sort the data by <code>dose<\/code> and <code>supp<\/code> columns. As stacked plot reverse the group order, <code>supp<\/code> column should be sorted in descending order.<\/li>\n<li>Calculate the cumulative sum of <code>len<\/code> for each <code>dose<\/code> category. Used as the y coordinates of labels. To put the label in the middle of the bars, we\u2019ll use <code>cumsum(len) - 0.5 * len<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li>Create the bar graph and add labels<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Arrange\/sort and compute cumulative summs\r\nlibrary(dplyr)\r\n df2 &lt;- df %&gt;%\r\n  group_by(dose) %&gt;%\r\n  arrange(dose, desc(supp)) %&gt;%\r\n  mutate(lab_ypos = cumsum(len) - 0.5 * len) \r\ndf2<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code>## # A tibble: 6 x 4\r\n## # Groups:   dose [3]\r\n##   supp  dose    len lab_ypos\r\n##   &lt;fct&gt; &lt;fct&gt; &lt;dbl&gt;    &lt;dbl&gt;\r\n## 1 VC    D0.5    6.8      3.4\r\n## 2 OJ    D0.5    4.2      8.9\r\n## 3 VC    D1     15        7.5\r\n## 4 OJ    D1     10       20  \r\n## 5 VC    D2     33       16.5\r\n## 6 OJ    D2     29.5     47.8<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code># Create stacked bar graphs with labels\r\np &lt;- ggplot(data = df2, aes(x = dose, y = len)) +\r\n  geom_col(aes(fill = supp), width = 0.7)+\r\n  geom_text(aes(y = lab_ypos, label = len, group =supp), color = \"white\")\r\np<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/dn-tutorials\/ggplot2\/figures\/108-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-add-labels-1.png\" width=\"480\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"customized-bar-plots\" class=\"section level2\">\n<h2>Customized bar plots<\/h2>\n<p>Use the function <code>scale_fill_manual()<\/code> to set manually the bars border line colors and area fill colors.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"r\"><code>p + scale_fill_manual(values = c(\"#0073C2FF\", \"#EFC000FF\"))<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/dn-tutorials\/ggplot2\/figures\/108-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-customize-1.png\" width=\"480\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--end rdoc--><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This tutorial describes how to create a ggplot stacked bar chart. You will also learn how to add labels to a stacked bar plot. Prerequisites Load required packages and set [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7990,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rating_form_position":"","rating_results_position":"","mr_structured_data_type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[124],"tags":[131],"class_list":["post-8333","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ggplot2","tag-ggplot2-faq"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How to Create a GGPlot Stacked Bar Chart - Datanovia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How to Create a GGPlot Stacked Bar Chart - Datanovia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This tutorial describes how to create a ggplot stacked bar chart. You will also learn how to add labels to a stacked bar plot. Prerequisites Load required packages and set [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Datanovia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-01-01T09:58:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-12-25T09:11:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/IMG_6606.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"512\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Alboukadel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Alboukadel\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/blog\\\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/blog\\\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Alboukadel\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7767cf2bd5c91a1610c6eb53a0ff069e\"},\"headline\":\"How to Create a GGPlot Stacked Bar Chart\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-01-01T09:58:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-12-25T09:11:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/blog\\\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":240,\"commentCount\":3,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/blog\\\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/IMG_6606.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"ggplot2 FAQ\"],\"articleSection\":[\"ggplot2\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/blog\\\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/blog\\\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/blog\\\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\\\/\",\"name\":\"How to Create a GGPlot Stacked Bar Chart - Datanovia\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/blog\\\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/blog\\\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/IMG_6606.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-01-01T09:58:28+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-12-25T09:11:00+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/blog\\\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/blog\\\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/blog\\\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/IMG_6606.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/IMG_6606.jpg\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":512},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/blog\\\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"How to Create a GGPlot Stacked Bar Chart\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/\",\"name\":\"Datanovia\",\"description\":\"Data Mining and Statistics for Decision Support\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Datanovia\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/09\\\/datanovia-logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/09\\\/datanovia-logo.png\",\"width\":98,\"height\":99,\"caption\":\"Datanovia\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7767cf2bd5c91a1610c6eb53a0ff069e\",\"name\":\"Alboukadel\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/ed3108646c5c7c3d188324ab972f96ad7d9975b41b94014d7f68257791be395a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/ed3108646c5c7c3d188324ab972f96ad7d9975b41b94014d7f68257791be395a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/ed3108646c5c7c3d188324ab972f96ad7d9975b41b94014d7f68257791be395a?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Alboukadel\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.datanovia.com\\\/en\\\/blog\\\/author\\\/kassambara\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"How to Create a GGPlot Stacked Bar Chart - Datanovia","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"How to Create a GGPlot Stacked Bar Chart - Datanovia","og_description":"This tutorial describes how to create a ggplot stacked bar chart. You will also learn how to add labels to a stacked bar plot. Prerequisites Load required packages and set [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/","og_site_name":"Datanovia","article_published_time":"2019-01-01T09:58:28+00:00","article_modified_time":"2019-12-25T09:11:00+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1024,"height":512,"url":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/IMG_6606.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Alboukadel","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Alboukadel","Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/"},"author":{"name":"Alboukadel","@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/7767cf2bd5c91a1610c6eb53a0ff069e"},"headline":"How to Create a GGPlot Stacked Bar Chart","datePublished":"2019-01-01T09:58:28+00:00","dateModified":"2019-12-25T09:11:00+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/"},"wordCount":240,"commentCount":3,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/IMG_6606.jpg","keywords":["ggplot2 FAQ"],"articleSection":["ggplot2"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/","url":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/","name":"How to Create a GGPlot Stacked Bar Chart - Datanovia","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/IMG_6606.jpg","datePublished":"2019-01-01T09:58:28+00:00","dateModified":"2019-12-25T09:11:00+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/IMG_6606.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/IMG_6606.jpg","width":1024,"height":512},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-create-a-ggplot-stacked-bar-chart-2\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"How to Create a GGPlot Stacked Bar Chart"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/","name":"Datanovia","description":"Data Mining and Statistics for Decision Support","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/#organization","name":"Datanovia","url":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/datanovia-logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/datanovia-logo.png","width":98,"height":99,"caption":"Datanovia"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/7767cf2bd5c91a1610c6eb53a0ff069e","name":"Alboukadel","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/ed3108646c5c7c3d188324ab972f96ad7d9975b41b94014d7f68257791be395a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/ed3108646c5c7c3d188324ab972f96ad7d9975b41b94014d7f68257791be395a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/ed3108646c5c7c3d188324ab972f96ad7d9975b41b94014d7f68257791be395a?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Alboukadel"},"url":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/blog\/author\/kassambara\/"}]}},"multi-rating":{"mr_rating_results":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8333","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8333"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8333\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8334,"href":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8333\/revisions\/8334"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7990"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8333"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8333"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.datanovia.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8333"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}